The
Grammar
Logs
# 259

QUESTION
I am having an argument with a co-worker. I say the following is correct:
This is an apple and an orange.
He says that it should be:
These are an apple and an orange.
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Austin, Texas Thu, Nov 19, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
I think you're right, but I'm having a hard time explaining why. I will risk the following observation. If you enter a room and see an alligator, a monkey, and a tiger, you might say, "What are these animals doing in my room?" but you would surely exclaim, "What's this!" As a demonstrative pronoun, the word this can thus stand for a set of things, a pattern of related phenomena. (Why do I sound like a mathematician?) And that's what you're referring to when you say "This is an apple and an orange." [E-Mail Icon] You're referring to the set of things that you see, which you then label by naming its parts. If you don't see these things as a set, oddly enough, you label them by what holds them together: "These are fruits." Anyway, that's how I think it works, but there is surely a better explanation, and I will leave an e-mail icon here in case someone can help us out.

QUESTION
When do you know to place a comma between coordinate adjectives. For example, "The little old lady sat near me." I would not place a comma between little and old, but then for the sentence "The tall, distinguished man is here" does require a comma. To me, both can have the word "and" placed between them. How do I tell the difference?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Fayetteville, North Carolina Thu, Nov 19, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
If you can put an "and" between "little" and "old" in the phrase "a little old lady," then we're doomed. I suggest you go through the section on Adjectives, especially the part on adjectival order, which is a big part of this discussion. Another way of determining if you put a comma between coordinate adjectives is whether you can switch their order. We would not say, "an old little lady," which means these adjectives don't want to be separated by a comma. If you can't switch their order, no comma.

QUESTION
In the context of photo captions (where truncation abides), does the statement "George with sister Sue at the park" require enclosing commas around "Sue" if Sue is George's only sister; and, does the fact that the caption reader has no foreknowledge of George's sister count relevant? [I believe commas should be included; "sister" could be construed as a form of title or familiar address, as when addressing an Aunt Sue or a Grandpa Joe (or Senator Smith), but this would be a misreading (in my reading), perhaps compelled by the habit of omission in captions. (In the given example it appears that a "his" was ommitted before "sister"; and of course the caption is not a sentence.) If commas would be proper in this case, do captions warrant an exception to the rule?]
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Bethesda, Maryland Fri, Nov 20, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
If you're talking about caption-writing in newspapers, you're probably going to leave out the commas because that seems to be the habit in newspapers, whether it's grammatically correct or not. The absence of a comma in that caption would imply that George has more than one sister and therefore her name is not a parenthetical element but necessary information.

QUESTION
My fourth grade daughter punctuated the following sentence:
I went to the talk with my friend, Mike.
I say the comma before Mike is correct, but the teacher marked it wrong. Who is right?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Ballwin, Missouri Fri, Nov 20, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
The comma is correct as long as you have only one friend and his name is Mike. If you have more than one friend (which I'm sure the teacher rightly assumed), you need the friend's name, so you wouldn't use any commas. If you said "best friend," then you would undoubtedly use the comma because you can have only one best friend, right?

QUESTION
I was sure that I learned this in grade school or highschool. My boss and I are disputing it now.

An indefinate article identifies a noun. "A" is used before nouns that start with a consonant or consonant sound.. "An" is used before nouns that start with a vowel. Therefore, I would say "an apple" and "a car". But because the indefinite article identifies the noun, if an adjective is in between them, I do not consider it when selecting an identifier. Therefore, I would say "a ample portion" and "an stinky elephant". I know it sounds stupid when you say it or write it, but that is part of the reason why I remember it so well. I know I am not alone on this, because I see it very occasionally. Did I make this up? The specific example we were debating is "an public utility". (I know that "utility" has a consonant sound, but I learned that from trying to find an answer for this question on your website!)

SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Milwuakee, Wisconsin Fri, Nov 20, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
The choice of a or an is determined by the word immediately following it, not by the noun that is ultimately being modified. We would write: "a stinky elephant," "an ample portion," and "a public utility."

QUESTION
Is it correct English to write :
change of brand name for an equipment of similar type as mentioned in the file.
I believe it should read : ......for equipment of ....
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Somewhere, Denmark Fri, Nov 20, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
Yes, "equipment" is a non-count noun and an indefinite article in front of it is inappropriate.

QUESTION
What is grammatically correct? anyways or anyway?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Balanga, Bataan, Philippines Sat, Nov 21, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
Anyways is a dialect form of anyway and should be avoided in formal writing. It should be avoided period.

QUESTION
Is the following sentence right??
  1. I'm back in 5 minutes from Mr. James's Office!
  2. Please wait until I come back.
  3. Do not remove unless complete.
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Karachi, Pakistan Sat, Nov 21, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
The third sentence might serve as a bit of shorthand in a set of directions, but it's definitely not a good sentence. We need an object for "remove" -- remove what? -- and we're not sure if the thing we're removing has to be complete or we have to be complete in some way. The first two sentences are fine.

QUESTION
This good English dictionary states that verb "fall" is used with off or away to mean "cease to be violent, subside, abate; ebb; decline in quality, character, activity, or quantity" not to mention other senses of the entry. I don't know whether and when I should use verb &"fall" with off or away. Can I write "subscriptions fell away" and "subscriptions fell off" indistinctively and not be blamed for bad writing? Thank you once more.
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Jaboatao dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brazil
Sat, Nov 21, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
We would say that the subscriptions are "falling off." (I don't think "fall away" would be wrong, but "fall off" would be the choice of most writers, I'm sure.) "Fall away" is much rarer than "fall off." We might say that the traffic noise "falls away" as the night goes on (but "fall off" would be just as good, if not better). The forces of the enemy might "fall away" over time, and one's strength could "fall away."

QUESTION
Many people use the word "alright" instead of "all right." I don't believe the word "alright" exists. Can you prove otherwise?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Sequim, Washington Sat, Nov 21, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
I much prefer "all right" over "alright," but "alright" is a word. This is what the Merriam Webster's has to say about "alright" (keep in mind that Merriam-Webster's is relatively liberal in such matters):
The one-word spelling alright appeared [1887] some 75 years after all right itself had reappeared from a 400-year-long absence. Since the early 20th century some critics have insisted alright is wrong, but it has its defenders and its users. It is less frequent than all right but remains in common use especially in journalistic and business publications. It is quite common in fictional dialogue, and is used occasionally in other writing: "the first two years of medical school were alright -- Gertrude Stein."
Authority for this note: WWWebster Dictionary, the World Wide Web edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition. Used with permission.

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