The
Grammar
Logs
# 199

QUESTION
Dear Grammar,
A. In response to a report that I send out electronically in two versions (some people in our company use an earlier version of Microsoft products) I received the following reply. I am still not convinced that I have used the word 'technology' in the wrong context, and believe that G____ actually just wanted an excuse to use the word etymologically. Can you shed any light on this?

Reply: To the etymologically challenged antipodean, I think you mean "technologically" challenged!

Original Message: Please find attached the latest forecast, plus additional version 95 for the technology challenged.

B. As an aside, is the word etymologically used correctly by G____? Websters has the definition as 1 : the history of a linguistic form (as a word) shown by tracing its development since its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, by tracing its transmission from one language to another, by analyzing it into its component parts, by identifying its cognates in other languages, or by tracing it and its cognates to a common ancestral form in an ancestral language. His quibble with my 'technology' has nothing to do with history, rather a question of use of adverbs.

SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
London, UK Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
G___ is probably right about the use of technologically; you want an adverb there to modify the participle "challenged." Although we do sometimes use nouns in an attributive manner (as adjectives, as in case study), it's better to use adverbs and adjectives where they fit. On the other hand, I think you have a very good point about G___'s use of "etymologically."

QUESTION
What is the correct way to punctuate a sentence ending in an abbreviation that ends in a period? Which of the following is correct?

  1. The meeting ended at 10:05 p.m.
  2. The meeting ended at 10:05 p.m..
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Warner Robins, Georgia Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
The period that ends the abbreviation will also suffice to end the sentence. (#1 is correct.) On the other hand, if this were a question, you'd want both the period and the question mark.

QUESTION
If I use a quotation as part of a sentence, do I capitalize the first word in the quotation if it is a complete sentence?
For example: According to the student, "All the teachers here are very helpful."
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Burlington, North Carolina Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
In a word, yes.

Authority: New York Public Library Writer's Guide to Style and Usage HarperCollins: New York. 1994. Cited with permission. p. 203.


QUESTION
Does the symbol for trademark - tm - need to be used everytime in association with a product, or does it only need to be used the first time a product is mentioned?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Hanover, New Hampshire Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
It doesn't have to be used at all. The only reason it's used in a publication by the manufacturer or trademark holder is that they want to reinforce the notion that that brand name (or whatever) is held, legally, by them and is not to be used illegally (for gain) by others.

Authority: New York Public Library Writer's Guide to Style and Usage HarperCollins: New York. 1994. Cited with permission. P. 448.


QUESTION
Is there some kind of rule of thumb for how many footnotes you should use. I have a background in history, and I am used to documenting everything fully. I am writing business research reports now and have been told that I am over-footnoting. I don't believe that you can over-footnote. You just document when appropriate. What is the informed opinion on this? Thanks.
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Burlington, North Carolina Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
That's a bit of a setup. The answer, of course, is that you should footnote when it is appropriate. You cite a resource when you owe something to that resource, actual quoted language or even an idea, providing that idea has not become what is known as common knowledge. Perhaps your colleagues are looking for more in the way of summary and paraphrase than actual scholarly work?

QUESTION
Hello!!! I have 2 questions but I'm not sure if my second question is actually a grammar question. Anyway, here goes:
  1. When is it correct to use a semi-colon?
  2. When I've read passages, some of them contained the words, "et. al." What exactly does that mean and why is used?
Thanking you very much in advance
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Bronx, New York Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
Check out our section on Semicolons and write back if you still have questions.

Et al. is an abbreviation for et alii, which means "and others," and is used in documentation (and probably shouldn't be used elsewhere) when there are several authors of a document and you want to list only the first and then say et al.


QUESTION
I'd like to know if the sentence "What area of language learning do you have difficulty with? " is correct, or if I should say difficulty in ? By the way, when you say difficulty in, don't you imply doing something?

Thank you in advance.

SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
I don't think there's much (if any) difference; either sounds perfectly acceptable to me. I'm not sure what you mean by "don't you imply doing something?" Does the "difficulty in" imply more of an engagement in the difficulty? Perhaps, but there's not much difference.

QUESTION
Why do we capitalize the pronoun "I"?
SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Austin, Texas Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
I have no idea, and I don't have the resources that would have the answer to this. I've always assumed it has more to do with typography (and not letting the lower-case "i" get lost in the swelter of other, bigger words) than anything else. [E-Mail Icon] I'll leave an e-mail icon here in case someone else has a better idea.

Julian C____ writes that the following information is in Burchfield's New Fowler's Modern English Usage:

It is a minor curiosity that "I", of all pronouns, is the only one that must always be written with a capital. As the older forms "ic", "ich", "ik", etc. gave way to the reduced form "i" during the Middle Ages, the new form was generally written as "i" or "y", and was often merged by the scribes with the verb or auxiliary it governed. With the advent of printing in the late 15c, the new form "I" soon established itself as the only standard form, though instances of small "i" can be found as late as the 17c.
As Julian also points out, this doesn't really tell us why, but it does tell us it was a development in typography in the history of typesetting.

QUESTION
They'll be late and he'll be angry. What part of speech is late and what part of speech is angry?

Thanks so much.

SOURCE OF QUESTION & DATE OF RESPONSE
Unknown Wednesday, September 9, 1998
GRAMMAR'S RESPONSE
They're both predicate adjectives.

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